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During the Middle Ages, the arresting motif of the walled garden - especially in its manifestation as a sacred or love-inflected hortus conclusus - was a common literary device. Usually associated with the Virgin Mary or the Lady of popular romance, it appeared in myriad literary and iconographic forms, largely for its aesthetic, decorative and symbolic qualities. This study focuses on the more complex metaphysical functions and meanings attached to it between 1100 and 1400 - and, in particular, those associated with the gardens of Eden and the Song of Songs. Drawing on contemporary theories of gender, gardens, landscape and space, it traces specifically the resurfacing and reworking of the idea and image of the enclosed garden within the writings of medieval holy women and other female-coded texts. In so doing, it presents the enclosed garden as generator of a powerfully gendered hermeneutic imprint within the medieval religious imaginary - indeed, as an alternative "language" used to articulate those highly complex female-coded approaches to God that came to dominate late-medieval religiosity. The book also responds to the "eco-turn" in our own troubled times that attempts to return the non-human to the centre of public and private discourse. The texts under scrutiny therefore invite responses as both literary and "garden" spaces where form often reflects content, and where their authors are also diligent "gardeners": the apocryphal Lives of Adam and Eve, for example; the horticulturally-inflected Hortus Deliciarum of Herrad of Hohenburg and the "green" philosophies of Hildegard of Bingen's Scivias; the visionary writings of Gertrude the Great and Mechthild of Hackeborn collaborating within their Helfta nunnery; the Middle English poem, Pearl; and multiple reworkings of the deeply problematic and increasingly sexualized garden enclosing the biblical figure of Susanna.

Christian art and symbolism --- Literature, Medieval --- Women in literature. --- Gardens in literature. --- Christianity in literature. --- Enclosed garden (Allegory) --- Gardens --- History and criticism. --- Women authors --- Religious aspects --- Christianity. --- Allegories --- Hortus conclusus (Allegory) --- Woman (Christian theology) in literature --- Women in drama --- Women in poetry --- European literature --- Medieval literature --- Symbolic aspects --- Cistercians. --- Derrida. --- Hildegard of Bingen. --- Lacan. --- Song of Solomon. --- Song of Songs. --- eco-criticism. --- literary theory. --- patriarchal project.

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The present volume investigates the parables and related genres in early Christian literature. It considers not only Jesus' proclamation in parables, but also how parabolic genres were used in early Jewish and Greco-Roman literature. The final part is devoted to the early reception of Jesus' parables by Christian authors of the second and third centuries.

Parables --- 225.015 --- 225.015 Nieuw Testament: Formgeschichte; Traditionsgeschichte; Redaktionsgeschichte --- 225.015 Nieuw Testament: literaire kritiek; authenticiteit; bronnenstudie --- Nieuw Testament: Formgeschichte; Traditionsgeschichte; Redaktionsgeschichte --- Nieuw Testament: literaire kritiek; authenticiteit; bronnenstudie --- Exempla --- Homiletical illustrations --- Tales --- Allegories --- Fables --- Jesus Christ --- Christ --- Cristo --- Jezus Chrystus --- Jesus Cristo --- Jesus, --- Christ, Jesus --- Yeh-su --- Masīḥ --- Khristos --- Gesù --- Christo --- Yeshua --- Chrystus --- Gesú Cristo --- Ježíš --- Isa, --- Nabi Isa --- Isa Al-Masih --- Al-Masih, Isa --- Masih, Isa Al --- -Jesus, --- Jesucristo --- Yesu --- Yeh-su Chi-tu --- Iēsous --- Iēsous Christos --- Iēsous, --- Kʻristos --- Hisus Kʻristos --- Christos --- Jesuo --- Yeshuʻa ben Yosef --- Yeshua ben Yoseph --- Iisus --- Iisus Khristos --- Jeschua ben Joseph --- Ieso Kriʻste --- Yesus --- Kristus --- ישו --- ישו הנוצרי --- ישו הנצרי --- ישוע --- ישוע בן יוסף --- المسيح --- مسيح --- يسوع المسيح --- 耶稣 --- 耶稣基督 --- 예수그리스도 --- Jíizis --- Yéshoua --- Iėsu̇s --- Khrist Iėsu̇s --- ‏عيسىٰ‏ --- Parables. --- Bible